STRUCTURE OF RESPIRATORY DISEASE AND THE ROLE OF URBANIZATION IN THE PREVALENCE OF THIS GROUP OF DISEASES
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32782/health-2024.2.9Keywords:
urbanization, respiratory diseases, asthma, COPD.Abstract
Respiratory diseases affect one billion people worldwide and are the leading cause of death. The purpose of our review was to study the impact of urbanization on the prevalence of respiratory diseases by analyzing modern scientific sources of information on the selected topic. The effects of urbanization on health, morbidity, and mortality are numerous. Many highly developed countries of the world suffer from severe air pollution, which is now one of the main environmental threats. Polluted air can lead to various respiratory diseases and cause serious damage to the health of city dwellers. Urban populations, especially low- and middle-income countries, are exposed to various risk factors contributing to lung shrinkage and accelerated decline in lung function. Namely: respiratory infections in childhood, micronutrient deficiencies, and ambient and household air pollution can affect lung size and function, thereby exposing children to obstructive lung disease in adulthood. High levels of cortisol and inflammatory biomarkers due to urban stressors have been linked to lung damage. Exposure to indoor and outdoor allergens, pollutants, and irritants in the early years of life can change a child’s immune system response from a non-asthmatic to an asthmatic phenotype, thus leading to asthma in adults. It is possible to reduce the threats of respiratory diseases and risks through decentralization and deconcentration, reducing the dependence of human development on the city. Instead of large cities, it is better to have a network of small self-sufficient smart cities or rural areas, equipped with digital infrastructure, proper water and sewage treatment systems, and reliable energy supply. This type of decentralization could be the answer to new threats and open up a more stable future for humanity.
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