INFLUENCE OF GYNECOLOGICAL COMORBID PATHOLOGY ON THE COURSE OF INFLAMMATORY DISEASES OF THE PELVIC ORGANS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32782/health-2025.2.1Keywords:
pelvic inflammatory disease, endometriosis, microflora, ovarian cancer, carcinogenesis, gynecological comorbidityAbstract
The article discusses modern approaches to the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) in women with concomitant gynecological pathology. It is shown that the combination of pelvic inflammatory disease with such diseases as endometriosis, uterine fibroids, endometrial hyperplastic processes, functional ovarian cysts and other dyshormonal conditions significantly complicates the clinical course, contributes to the chronicity of the process and increases the risk of complications, including infertility, ectopic pregnancy, chronic pelvic pain and menstrual dysfunction. Particular attention is paid to the role of microbiological, immune, and endocrine imbalances in the development and recurrence of pathology. The difficulties of diagnosis in conditions of an erased or changed clinical picture against the background of concomitant pathology, as well as the need for a differentiated approach when choosing treatment tactics, are described. Effective algorithms for examining patients are considered, taking into account modern instrumental and laboratory methods that allow not only to identify the causative agent of the infection, but also to assess the general condition of the reproductive system. The article also emphasizes the importance of interdisciplinary interaction of specialists – obstetricians-gynecologists, family doctors, endocrinologists, immunologists – to achieve stable remission and prevent complications. The work emphasizes the need for a personalized approach to the treatment of women with combined gynecological pathology, based on clinical features, age, reproductive plans, and concomitant diseases. The presented material is of significant practical importance for specialists in the field of women’s health and is aimed at improving medical care, increasing its efficiency, and quality of life of patients with inflammatory and concomitant gynecological diseases.
References
Zaks N., Batuure A., Lin E., Rommel A.S., Reichenberg A., Grice D., et al. Association Between Mental Health and Reproductive System Disorders in Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA network open. 2023. № 6(4). С. e238685. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.8685
Visser J. A., Schipper I., Laven J. S., Themmen A.P. Anti-Müllerian hormone: an ovarian reserve marker in primary ovarian insufficiency. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2012. № 8(6). С. 331–341. doi:10.1038/nrendo.2011.224
Allshouse A., Pavlovic J., Santoro N. Menstrual Cycle Hormone Changes Associated with Reproductive Aging and How They May Relate to Symptoms. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2018. № 45 (4). С. 613–628. doi:10.1016/ j.ogc.2018.07.004
Parasar P., Ozcan P., Terry K.L. Endometriosis: Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Clinical Management. Curr Obstet Gynecol Rep. 2017. № 6(1). С. 34–41. doi:10.1007/s13669-017-0187-1
Adilbayeva A., Kunz J. Pathogenesis of Endometriosis and Endometriosis-Associated Cancers. Int J Mol Sci. 2024. № 25(14). С. 7624. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25147624
Konrad L., Dietze R., Kudipudi P. K., Horné F., Meinhold-Heerlein I. Endometriosis in MRKH cases as a proof for the coelomic metaplasia hypothesis? Reproduction. 2019. № 158(2). С. R41–R47.
Cousins F. L., O D. F., Gargett C. E. Endometrial stem/progenitor cells and their role in the pathogenesis of endometriosis. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2018. № 50. С. 27–38.
Asghari S., Valizadeh A., Aghebati-Maleki L., Nouri M., Yousefi M. Endometriosis: Perspective, lights, and shadows of etiology. Biomed Pharmacother. 2018. № 106. С. 163–174.
Wiesenfeld H. C., Hillier S. L., Meyn L. A., Amortegui A. J., Sweet R. L. Subclinical pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility. Obstet Gynecol. 2012. № 120(1). С. 37–43.
Borghese B., Santulli P., Marcellin L., Chapron C. Definition, description, clinicopathological features, pathogenesis and natural history of endometriosis: CNGOF-HAS Endometriosis Guidelines. Gynecol Obstet Fertil Senol. 2018. № 46(3). С. 156–167.
Gałczyński K., Jóźwik M., Lewkowicz D., Semczuk-Sikora A., Semczuk A. Ovarian endometrioma – a possible finding in adolescent girls and young women: a mini-review. J Ovarian Res. 2019. № 12(1). С. 104.
Di Tucci C., Di Mascio D., Schiavi M.C., Perniola G., Muzii L., Benedetti Panici P. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease: Possible Catches and Correct Management in Young Women. Case Rep Obstet Gynecol. 2018. № 2018. С. 5831029.
Woodhall S. C., Gorwitz R. J., Migchelsen S. J., Gottlieb S. L., Horner P. J., Geisler W. M. et al. Advancing the public health applications of Chlamydia trachomatis serology. Lancet Infect Dis. 2018. № 18(12). С. e399–e407.
Jennings L. K., Krywko D. M. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease. У: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023.
Tai F. W., Chang C. Y., Chiang J. H., Lin W. C., Wan L. Association of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease with Risk of Endometriosis: A Nationwide Cohort Study Involving 141,460 Individuals. J Clin Med. 2018. № 7(11). С. 379. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/jcm7110379
Lin W. C., Chang C. Y., Hsu Y. A., Chiang J. H., Wan L. Increased risk of endometriosis in patients with lower genital tract infection: A nationwide cohort study. Medicine. 2016. № 95. С. e2773.
Khan K. N., Fujishita A., Hiraki K., Kitajima M., Nakashima M., Fushiki S., Kitawaki J. Bacterial contamination hypothesis: A new concept in endometriosis. Reprod Med Biol. 2018. № 17. С. 125–133.
Khan K. N., Fujishita A., Masumoto H., Muto H., Kitajima M., Masuzaki H., Kitawaki J. Molecular detection of intrauterine microbial colonization in women with endometriosis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2016. № 199. С. 69–75.
Chen C., Song X., Wei W., Zhong H., Dai J., Lan Z. та ін. The microbiota continuum along the female reproductive tract and its relation to uterine-related diseases. Nat Commun. 2017. № 8. С. 875.
Mitchell C. M., Haick A., Nkwopara E., Garcia R., Rendi M., Agnew K. et al. Colonization of the upper genital tract by vaginal bacterial species in nonpregnant women. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2015. № 212. С. e611–e61.
Colombel J. F., Shin A., Gibson P. R. AGA Clinical Practice Update on Functional Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Expert Review. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019. № 17(3). С. 380–390.e1.
Fouks Y., Cohen Y., Tulandi T., Meiri A., Levin I., Almog B., Cohen A. Complicated Clinical Course and Poor Reproductive Outcomes of Women with Tubo-Ovarian Abscess after Fertility Treatments. J Minim Invasive Gynecol. 2019. № 26(1). С. 162–168.
Fehring R. J., Bouchard T., Meyers M. Influence of Contraception Use on the Reproductive Health of Adolescents and Young Adults. Linacre Q. 2018. № 85(2). С. 167–177.
Kvaskoff M., Mu F., Terry K. L., Harris H. R., Poole E. M., Farland L., Missmer S. A. Endometriosis: A high-risk population for major chronic diseases? Hum Reprod Update. 2015. № 21. С. 500–516.
Braundmeier A. G., Lenz K. M., Inman K. S., Chia N., Jeraldo P., Walther-Antonio M.R. et al. Individualized medicine and the microbiome in reproductive tract. Front Physiol. 2015. № 6. С. 97.
Moreno I., Franasiak J. M. Endometrial microbiota – new player in town. Fertil Steril. 2017. № 108. С. 32–39.
Haggerty C. L., Peipert J. F., Weitzen S., Hendrix S. L., Holley R. L., Nelson D. B. et al. Predictors of chronic pelvic pain in an urban population of women with symptoms and signs of pelvic inflammatory disease. Sex Transm Dis. 2005. № 32(5). С. 293–299. doi: 10.1097/01.olq.0000162361.69041.a5
Westrom L., Joesoef R., Reynolds G., Hagdu A., Thompson S. E. Pelvic inflammatory disease and fertility. A cohort study of 1,844 women with laparoscopically verified disease and 657 control women with normal laparoscopic results. Sex Transm Dis. 1992. № 19(4). С. 185–192.
Haggerty C. L., Ness R. B., Amortegui A., Hendrix S. L., Hillier S. L., Holley R. L. et al. Endometritis does not predict reproductive morbidity after pelvic inflammatory disease. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2003. № 188(1). С. 141–148. doi: 10.1067/mob.2003.87
Wiesenfeld H. C., Hillier S. L., Meyn L. A., Amortegui A. J., Sweet R. L. Subclinical pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility. Obstet Gynecol. 2012. № 120 (1). С. 37–43. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0b013e31825a6bc9
Rasmussen C. B., Jensen A., Albieri V., Andersen K. K., Kjaer S. K. Is pelvic inflammatory disease a risk factor for ovarian cancer? Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2017. № 26(1). С. 104–109.
Rasmussen C. B., Kjaer S. K., Albieri V., Bandera E. V., Doherty J. A., Høgdall E., et al. Pelvic inflammatory disease and the risk of ovarian cancer and borderline ovarian tumors: a pooled analysis of 13 case–control studies. Am J Epidemiol. 2017. № 185(1). С. 8–20.
Shen C. C., Hu L. Y., Yang A. C., Chiang Y. Y., Hung J. H., Tsai, S. J. Risk of uterine, ovarian and breast cancer following pelvic inflammatory disease: a nationwide population-based retrospective cohort study. BMC Cancer. 2016. № 16(1). С. 839.
Hussain S. P., Harris C. C. Inflammation and cancer: an ancient link with novel potentials. Int J Cancer. 2007. № 121. С. 2373–2380.
Ness R. B., Cottreau C. Possible role of ovarian epithelial inflammation in ovarian cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1999. № 91. С. 1459–1467.
Ames B. N., Gold L. S., Willett W. C. The causes and prevention of cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1995. № 92. С. 5258–5265.
Blenstrup L. T., Knudsen L. B. Danish registers on aspects of reproduction. Scand J Public Health. 2011. № 39. С. 79–82.
Kildemoes H. W., Sorensen H. T., Hallas J. The Danish National Prescription Registry. Scand J Public Health. 2011. № 39. С. 38–41.
Brunham R. C., Gottlieb S. L., Paavonen J. Pelvic inflammatory disease. N Engl J Med. 2015. № 372. С. 2039–2048.
Low N., Egger M., Sterne J. A., Harbord R. M., Ibrahim F., Lindblom B. et al. Incidence of severe reproductive tract complications associated with diagnosed genital chlamydial infection: the Uppsala Women’s Cohort Study. Sex Transm Infect. 2006. № 82. С. 212–218.
Goff B. A., Mandel L. S., Melancon C. H., Muntz H. G. Frequency of symptoms of ovarian cancer in women presenting to primary care clinics. JAMA. 2004. № 291(22). С. 2705–2712.
Rasmussen C. B., Jensen A., Albieri V., Andersen K. K., Kjaer S. K. Increased risk of borderline ovarian tumors in women with a history of pelvic inflammatory disease: A nationwide population-based cohort study. Gynecol Oncol. 2016. № 143(2). С. 346–351.
Parazzini F., La Vecchia C., Negri E., Moroni S., dal Pino D., Fedele L. Pelvic inflammatory disease and risk of ovarian cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1996. № 5(8). С. 667–669.
Zhou Z., Zeng F., Yuan J., Tang J., Colditz G.A., Tworoger S.S., et al. Pelvic inflammatory disease and the risk of ovarian cancer: a meta-analysis. Cancer Causes Control. 2017. № 28(5). С. 415–428.
Trabert B., Waterboer T., Idahl A., Brenner N., Brinton L.A., Butt J., et al. Antibodies against chlamydia trachomatis and ovarian cancer risk in two independent populations. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2019. № 111(2). С. 129–136.
Risch H. A., Howe G. R. Pelvic inflammatory disease and the risk of epithelial ovarian cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1995. № 4(5). С. 447–451.
Stewart L. M., Spilsbury K., Jordan S., Stewart C., Holman C. D. J., Powell A., et al. Risk of high-grade serous ovarian cancer associated with pelvic inflammatory disease, parity and breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol. 2018. № 55. С. 110–116.
Zardawi I. M. Primary fallopian tube carcinoma arising in the setting of chronic pelvic inflammatory disease. Case Rep Med. 2014. № 2014. С. 645045.
Lipschutz D. I. Long-term mortality associated with oophorectomy compared with ovarian conservation in the Nurses’ Health Study. Obstet Gynecol. 2013. № 122(2, Part 1). С. 395–396.
Evans E. C., Matteson K. A., Orejuela F. J., Alperin M., Balk E. M., El-Nashar S., et al. Salpingo-oophorectomy at the time of benign hysterectomy: a systematic review. Obstet Gynecol. 2016. № 128(3). С. 476–485.
Schmeler K. M., Lynch H. T., Chen L. M., Munsell M. F., Soliman P. T., Clark M. B., et al. Prophylactic surgery to reduce the risk of gynecologic cancers in the Lynch syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2006. № 354(3). С. 261–269.
Link between pelvic inflammatory disease history and epithelial ovarian cancer risk. [Internet resource]. Contemporary Ob/Gyn. Available from: https://www.contemporaryobgyn.net/view/link-between-pelvic-inflammatory-disease-history-and-epithelial-ovarian-cancer-risk.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Олександр Олександрович Бадюк, Марія Іванівна Марущак, Василь Васильович Палапа, Валерій Миколайович Оксюта, Оксана Петрівна Мялюк

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.